Livro – Prevendo o amanhã: revelando as maravilhas da Ciência para um mundo melhor

https://19-pacheco-torgal-19.blogspot.com/2023/05/game-changers-in-science-and-technology.html

Na sequência de um interessante artigo publicado em Maio de 2023 (que divulguei no post supra) sobre as mudanças na ciência e tecnologia, a médio e a longo prazo, que analisou inclusive os limites do conhecimento, e aquilo que nunca saberemos, e cujo o primeiro autor é o conhecido investigador alemão Ulrich A.K. Betz, aproveito agora para divulgar um livro não menos interessante, que foi também editado por ele e que foi publicado recentemente pela Springer  https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-41781-8

PS – Ulrich A.K. Betz, foi o mesmo que num artigo publicado em 2018, manifestou o seu espanto (leia-se indignação) pela absoluta aberração que é o facto de muitos jogadores de futebol, ganharem muitíssimo mais do que qualquer cientista de topo  https://pacheco-torgal.blogspot.com/2019/11/celebrar-quem-efectivamente-o-merece-no.html

Declaração de interesses – Declaro que ao longo dos anos tenho escrito coisas muito pouco simpáticas, sobre os indivíduos que são especialistas em dar pontapés e cabeçadas num objecto esférico, como por exemplo no post sobre porcos a andar de bicicleta https://19-pacheco-torgal-19.blogspot.com/2023/11/entendiveis-esquecimentos-situacoes.html

Ulrich A.K. Betz: Unveiling tomorrow’s predictions and illuminating the marvels of Science for a better World

https://19-pacheco-torgal-19.blogspot.com/2023/05/game-changers-in-science-and-technology.html

After sharing a compelling article in May 2023 (featured in my previous post above) exploring the evolving landscape of science and technology, delving into both medium and long-term transformations, including an analysis of knowledge boundaries and the realms beyond our understanding, authored by the renowned German researcher Ulrich A.K. Betz –  I now turn the spotlight to an equally captivating book edited by him that was recently published by Springer https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-41781-8

PS – Ulrich A.K. Betz, the same scientist who, in an article published in 2018, conveyed his astonishment (and indignation) regarding the absolute aberration that many football players earn considerably more than top scientists https://pacheco-torgal.blogspot.com/2019/11/celebrar-quem-efectivamente-o-merece-no.html

Declaration of Interests – I hereby acknowledge that, throughout the years, I have articulated critical perspectives regarding the experts in the art of kicking and headbutting a spherical object as I did on November 23, 2023, in the post titled Understandable forgetfulness, abusive requests, and pigs riding bicycles” https://19-pacheco-torgal-19.blogspot.com/2023/11/entendiveis-esquecimentos-situacoes.html

An exceptionally cited article and the companies that make billions by “stealing” customers from the education system

https://19-pacheco-torgal-19.blogspot.com/2023/04/univcambridge-oportunidades-desafios-e.html
In continuation of the earlier post discussing insights from two researchers at the Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, regarding ChatGPT’s potential in education—alongside a subsequent article featured in The Economist a few months ago highlighting ChatGPT’s capacity to reduce education costs — it is noteworthy to explore the latest article published in The Economist. Released yesterday, the article delves into the pivotal role of Artificial Intelligence in reshaping the educational landscape. Highlighted below in blue is the penultimate sentence from this insightful piece.

“…An influential paper from 1984 by Benjamin Bloom, an educational psychologist, found that one-to-one tutoring both improved the average academic performance of students and reduced the variance between them. AI could at last make individual tutors viable for the many…” https://www.economist.com/business/2024/01/11/ai-can-transform-education-for-the-better

The text refers to an article from the 1980s authored by an emeritus professor. Despite the absence of the article´s name and journal details, a subsequent search using Scholar Google revealed that it was published in Educational Researcher under the title “The 2 sigma problem: The search for methods of group instruction as effective as one-to-one tutoring.”

This particular article has garnered thousands of citations in Scholar Google and nearly 1400 citations in the Scopus database, sustaining its influence for over two decades and affirming its enduring significance.

Returning to The Economist article, it explores the surge in the value of companies in the online private classes market. Notable examples include Chegg, whose worth catapulted from $5 billion in early 2020 to $12 billion a year later, and Byju’s, reaching a staggering private valuation of $22 billion in March 2022.

Nevertheless, the article fails to explore how the impact of generative AI can contribute to a rise in the value of these companies. It’s important to acknowledge that a comprehensive 68-page report by McKinsey suggests that the transformative influence of generative AI on productivity has the potential to contribute an annual economic value ranging from $2.6 trillion to $4.4 trillion.

PS – Also, consider visiting the post titled “Yuval Noah Harari answers the question: “Not knowing what professions will exist (in the future), what should schools teach in the present? https://pachecotorgal.com/2023/05/28/yuval-noah-harari-answers-the-question-not-knowing-what-professions-will-exist-in-the-future-what-should-schools-teach-in-the-present/

Unraveling the ethical abyss of dream women and AI-generated relationships

https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2024/01/08/5-unexpected-ways-generative-ai-may-change-your-daily-life/?sh=6de923c615ef

Yesterday, Forbes released a compelling article delving into the diverse transformative impacts that generative AI is having on our day-to-day experiences. You can find the link above for an insightful read. The piece, found in the final section titled “Dating And Sex In The Generative AI Era,” delves into the transformative impact of generative AI on dating and intimacy. Notably, it discusses DreamGF, a platform utilizing generative AI to craft virtual dream women.

I conducted a swift Google search, which led me to an additional article discussing this platform, revealing that just three months ago, it boasted an impressive 10,000 paying users. Cumulatively, the platform has facilitated the creation of over six million virtual girlfriends. https://bernardmarr.com/artificial-intimacy-how-generative-ai-can-now-create-your-dream-girlfriend/

Given the multifaceted nature of this issue with numerous consequences, I decided to seek advice from an expert. During my search, I recalled that on January 1st, 2024, the Editor-in-Chief of Photonics Focus authored an interesting paper. In this publication, she cited Professor Tyler Cowan of George Mason University (renowned for the book “Creative destruction: How globalization is changing the world’s cultures” that so far garnered almost 1000 citations) who eloquently expressed the following: “Think of GPTs not as a database but as a large collection of extremely smart economists, historians, scientists, and many others whom you can ask questions,”

Having heeded his sound advice I turn to ChatGPT for insights into the myriad consequences associated with the burgeoning business of the platform DreamGF. Continue reading for the enlightening response provided by ChatGPT below.

PS –  In the aforementioned context, it is valuable to reconsider the repugnant face hypothesis (entailing the perpetual concealment of every human’s face) that I initially put forth on December 25, 2020  https://pacheco-torgal.blogspot.com/2020/12/the-repugnant-face-pandemic.html

ChatGPT: The emergence of virtual girlfriends, particularly in the context of services like DreamGF mentioned in the provided text, raises significant ethical concerns, and one of the most disturbing issues is the potential association with pedophilia. Here’s an elaboration on the problems related to this issue:

  1. Exploitative Possibilities: The ability to design and interact with virtual characters, including specifying physical attributes and personality traits, creates a platform that could potentially be exploited for pedophilic content. Users might attempt to create virtual characters resembling minors, engaging in inappropriate and harmful interactions.
  2. Child Exploitation and Legal Implications: If the platform allows users to create virtual characters that appear underage, it may inadvertently contribute to the creation and dissemination of explicit content that exploits minors. This raises serious legal concerns related to child exploitation, as many jurisdictions have strict laws against the production and distribution of such material.
  3. Erosion of Moral and Ethical Standards: The normalization of virtual relationships with characters designed to represent minors could contribute to an erosion of societal moral and ethical standards. It may desensitize individuals to the severity of engaging in inappropriate and exploitative behaviors, potentially leading to a blurring of boundaries between virtual and real-world actions.
  4. Impact on Users’ Perception of Relationships: Engaging in virtual relationships that involve explicit content with characters designed to appear underage may impact users’ perceptions of appropriate relationships. It could contribute to distorted views of consent, boundaries, and the understanding of what constitutes healthy interactions, especially if users become desensitized to explicit content involving virtual minors.
  5. Heightened Risk of Abuse: The potential for creating explicit content involving virtual characters designed to resemble minors poses a heightened risk of abuse, as individuals with pedophilic tendencies might misuse such platforms for their gratification. This could lead to the normalization and perpetuation of harmful behaviors.
  6. Increased Difficulty in Law Enforcement: Platforms allowing the creation of explicit virtual content present challenges for law enforcement. Distinguishing between virtual depictions and actual illegal activities can be complex, potentially making it more difficult to identify and address cases of pedophilia or child exploitation.
  7. Negative Societal Impacts: The availability of services like DreamGF, if not regulated responsibly, could contribute to negative societal impacts by fostering the creation and consumption of explicit content involving virtual minors. This, in turn, may have repercussions on cultural norms, attitudes toward relationships, and the overall well-being of communities.
  8. Lack of Accountability: If platforms like DreamGF do not implement stringent measures to prevent the creation of explicit virtual content involving minors, it may indicate a lack of accountability on their part. This lack of responsibility could result in serious harm to vulnerable individuals and contribute to the normalization of harmful behaviors.

The recipe of a capitalist (revered by Russian academics) and the lack of courses addressing the skill of overcoming failures

Albert Wenger, one of the distinguished speakers at the Web Summit held in Lisbon on November 11, 2023, is a German expatriate residing in the United States, who has established himself as a prominent venture capitalist. Renowned not only for his career but also as the author of the book “The World After Capital,” Wenger’s insights transcend traditional boundaries. In August 2023, he granted an interview to Politico, offering a glimpse into his perspectives on the current state of artificial intelligence, the imperative measures needed to support an ever-expanding global population, and the pivotal role of combating climate change in securing humanity’s survivalhttps://www.politico.com/newsletters/digital-future-daily/2023/09/08/5-questions-for-albert-wenger-00114749

While some of his ideas exhibit originality, it’s worth noting that not all of them are entirely groundbreaking. For instance, as he asserts “We have to move away from the idea that we have to work to live”. It’s worth highlighting that as far back as the 20th century, the famous American engineer, architect, and futurist Richard Buckminster Fuller (R. B. Fuller) had already conveyed a similar sentiment, articulating We should do away with the absolutely specious notion that everybody has to earn a living… https://pacheco-torgal.blogspot.com/2020/02/university-mission-in-jobless-future.html

Strangely, more than 50% of the citations garnered by Wenger’s book on Google Scholar are attributed to Russian authors. The underlying reason for this still remains shrouded in mystery. Among the non-Russian citations is one from a German author, found in a compelling book exploring the intricacies of handling defeat Gegen die Diktatur der Gewinner (Against the dictatorship of the winners). A critical concern deserving increased emphasis within universities — the nuanced skill of overcoming failures and the profound lessons that inevitably unfold from these experiences underscore the importance for educational institutions to acknowledge the inherent value of such lessons in shaping individuals. It is crucial to note that the ability to overcome failure and continue taking risks is particularly vital in the knowledge economy and the realm of startup creation https://pacheco-torgal.blogspot.com/2020/11/the-economistmigrants-are-likelier-than_23.html

Universidades que lideram, universidades que se arrastam e politécnicos que humilham

https://19-pacheco-torgal-19.blogspot.com/2023/11/ia-generativa-universidade-do-minho-e.html

Uma pesquisa efectuada no dia 30 de Novembro, na conhecida base de literatura científica indexada Scopus, revelou que a Universidade do Minho, se tinha tornado então a universidade com o melhor desempenho, em termos do rácio publicaçóes/docente, na importante área da Inteligência Artificial Generativa-IAG, o que conseguiu após ter ultrapassado a universidade de Aveiro. Vide post acessível no link supra.

Uma análise hoje efetuada na mesma base de dados, mostra que a universidade do Minho, consolidou entretanto essa posição de forma muito clara, com um crescimento substancial face à universidade que aparece na segunda posição. Faço notar que se a comparação for feita relativamente ao inicio do passado mês de Outubro, constata-se que a produção da universidade de Aveiro cresceu desde essa altura 44% enquanto que a da universidade do Minho cresceu 243%.

A prova inequívoca da supremacia da universidade do Minho, na área das publicações científicas sobre IAG, está bem patente no facto da sua produção indexada total representar 20 (vinte)% de toda a produção nacional (pública e privada), muito embora aquela universidade tenha aproximadamente apenas 6 (seis) % dos docentes do ensino ensino superior público, o que significa que essa percentagem será ainda menor para o total de docentes do ensino superior em Portugal.

A referida pesquisa, hoje efectuada, mostra também, que muito ironicamente, as universidades públicas que recebem mais dinheiro público para investigação, se andam a arrastar na área da IAG, com uma produção científica, que é muitíssimo inferior à da universidade do Minho, e é até mesmo inferior, pasme-se, à produção científica de vários politécnicos, o que não pode deixar de ser visto quase como uma humilhação. Vide lista abaixo.

Univ do Minho……..1.7 publicações IAG por centena de docentes doutorados

Univ. de Aveiro……1.3

Pol. Bragança…….1.2

Pol. Santarém….…1.1

Pol. Setúbal…..…..0.9

Pol. Tomar……..….0.9

UBI……………………0.9

ISCTE………………….0.7

Univ. Nova…………..0.7

Univ. do Porto………0.6

Univ. de Lisboa…….0.6

UTAD…………….…….0.5

Univ. de Coimbra….0.4

Pol. Coimbra…………0.3

Univ. de Évora….…….0.2

Recordo que nesta data, a nível mundial, a conhecida universidade de Stanford, é aquela com maior número de publicações na referida área da Inteligência Artificial Generativa (mais até do que aquelas que foram produzidas por todas as universidades e politécnicos em Portugal) e que a melhor universidade europeia, nessa área, é a não menos conhecida universidade de Cambridge.

PS – Sobre a referida universidade de Stanford, vale a pena a leitura de um artigo muito recente, de investigadores dessa universidade, que conta também com a colaboração de investigadores da Google DeepMind e da Microsoft Research, com o sugestivo título Can AI Be as Creative as Humans?” https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.01623.pdf

Investigadores da UCLondon provam que o GPT-4 é capaz de produzir artigos científicos originais em menos de 1 hora

Depois de no passado dia 20 de Dezembro, a conhecida revista Nature ter divulgado um artigo, que mostrou que o omnipotente GPT-4 consegue projectar, planeiar e executar experiências complexas sem qualquer ajuda, artigo esse que foi divulgado pelo jornal Público no dia 3 de Janeiro, eis que nesse mesmo dia, foi publicado um artigo de investigadores da University College London, onde se fica a saber que o mesmo GPT-4 é também capaz de produzir artigos científicos originais em menos de 1 hora. Vide extracto abaixo:

“We tasked GPT-4… to write an original…manuscript, on a topic that is itself novel. It was able to conceive a research hypothesis, define an experimental protocol, produce photo-realistic images of printlets, generate believable analytical data from a range of instruments and write a convincing publication-ready manuscript with evidence of critical interpretation. The model achieved all this in less than 1h https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378517323011638

GPT-4 projecta, planeia e executa experiências complexas sem qualquer ajuda

Hoje na página 26 do jornal Público, é objecto de divulgação um artigo científico, que foi recentemente publicado na prestigiada revista Nature, sob o título “Autonomous chemical research with large language models” e que a referida revista divulgou de forma algo exuberante, alegando que o mesmo é capaz de fabricar conhecidos medicamentos, como o paracetamol e a aspirina https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-04073-4

A dada altura (em má hora), a jornalista do Público, escreve que O artigo científico…foi co-escrito com a ajuda do GPT-4, porém tal não procede, porque uma consulta ao artigo original, mostra que os autores utilizaram o GPT-4 (a versão paga por quem a pode pagar), unicamente para melhorar a gramática do texto, o que não é, bem vistas as coisas, e em bom rigor a mesmíssima coisa.

Porém eles até podiam ter utilizado o GPT-4 para escrever a introdução do tal inovador artigo, porque como divulguei no passado dia 2 de Dezembro, uma equipa de investigadores da universidade de Stanford, mostrou que o GPT-4 consegue escrever introduções de artigos que até são melhores do que aquelas que são feitas por humanos https://19-pacheco-torgal-19.blogspot.com/2023/12/chatgpt-4-outperform-human-researchers.html

E também podiam ter utilizado o mesmo GPT-4, para fazer a revisão do referido artigo, porque investigadores da mesma universidade de Stanford, desenvolveram uma ferramenta baseada no GPT-4, que consegue fazer revisões, que estão ao mesmo nível das revisões efectuadas por humanos, vide post do dia 1 de Novembro https://pacheco-torgal.blogspot.com/2023/11/stanford-researchers-unveil-chatgpt-4.html

Faço porém notar, que aquilo que hoje é divulgado pelo jornal Público, já tinha sido previsto no passado mês de Setembro, num artigo publicado na conhecida revista The Economist, onde já então se podia ler, que a IA generativa iria não só revolucionar a ciência mas também acelerar o ritmo das descobertas, sendo que na minha opinião, e como escrevi nessa altura, uma das consequências, mais evidentes e mais gravosas dessa “revolução” é a de contribuir para agravar a já de si grave, desigualdade económica mundial, fazendo com que os países pobres fiquem ainda mais pobres https://19-pacheco-torgal-19.blogspot.com/2023/09/the-economist-ai-can-accelerate.html

PS – Felizmente que há coisas que o omnipotente ChatGPT (ainda) não consegue fazer, como seja por exemplo, projectar a composição de um betão https://19-pacheco-torgal-19.blogspot.com/2023/06/chatgpt-ensina-como-projectar-um-betao.html

Unveiling the true currency of life, the interplay between scientific achievement and morality in academic legacy

A few days ago the esteemed Portuguese author Miguel Esteves Cardoso, aged 68, eloquently penned the following words in Publico, a distinguished Portuguese newspaper:

“...true wealth lies in the ability to conserve time and then indulge in its expenditure. The affluent save time for themselves, while the less fortunate are left with the burden of time-consuming tasks that consume the hours of everyone: the chronophagous endeavors. The wealthy, with their surplus of resources, purchase the time of those less privileged, who are compelled to trade their time for income merely to subsist. Although it may appear to be a transaction of money, it is, in essence, an exchange of time. The affluent acquire time for the disadvantaged, leaving the latter without it...”

Contrast this thought-provoking excerpt with a compelling study on the acquisition of time and its impact on happiness published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (see email below of July 2017) the study engaged over 6000 participants from diverse countries. Consider also the insights shared by a former Uruguayan president in the same email. This correspondence is complemented by another email from October 2016, exploring the aspirations of academics regarding their legacy once their scholarly journeys conclude. 

PS – In the present context is it worth revisiting the previous post “The best of times, the worst of times, and the times that we no longer have” 

__________________________________________________________


De: F. Pacheco Torgal

Enviado: 26 de Julho de 2017 7:57
Assunto: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences__”Buying time promotes happiness”

Abstract: “Around the world, increases in wealth have produced an unintended consequence: a rising sense of time scarcity. We provide evidence that using money to buy time can provide a buffer against this time famine, thereby promoting happiness. Using large, diverse samples from the United States, Canada, Denmark, and The Netherlands (n = 6,271), we show that individuals who spend money on time-saving services report greater life satisfaction. A field experiment provides causal evidence that working adults report greater happiness after spending money on a time-saving purchase than on a material purchase. Together, these results suggest that using money to buy time can protect people from the detrimental effects of time pressure on life satisfaction” https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1706541114

Strangely, a few years ago, José Mujica former President of Uruguay (2010-2015) made a brief statement that accurately reflects this finding: “when we buy something, we are not paying it with money we are paying with the time of our lives and its terrible to waste life losing freedom”

____________________________________________________________


De: F. Pacheco Torgal
Enviado: 27 de Outubro de 2016 8:26
Assunto: Honor in the Academic Profession: How Professors Want to be Remembered by Colleagues

https://muse.jhu.edu/article/612675/summary

60 physicists of all ages working at a range of U.S. universities were interviewed in person by the author about multiple aspects of their careers, including the scientists’ aspirations, assessments of their achievements and failures, and conceptions of future and “immortalized” selves. Interviews from which the present work was drawn averaged 90 minutes in length…For the present work, attention is focused on a specific question asked of the respondents: How would you like to be remembered by your colleagues?”

desires to be remembered by colleagues on principally professional terms increase as institutional prestige increases. By contrast, desires to be remembered on principally personal terms increase as institutional prestige declines…As age increases, desire to be remembered on principally professional terms declines; and the desire to be remembered on principally personal terms intensifies. What is more, as age increases, the percentage of scientists “not caring” about how colleagues remember them increases. The percentage of scientists not caring about how their colleagues remember them, combined with the percentage of those desiring remembrance in personal ways, is particularly striking in the eldest cohort, where the attenuation of professional emphases is most pronounced. Great scientific achievement—even in an era of modern science—has been connoted with “unlocking the mind of God”(Paul, 1980).  

In an absence of great achievement, morality preserves a route to salvation, identifying how people can orient themselves to the “good” (Stets, 2010). In addition, it always marks sacrifice, as though to say: “Look at what I gave up, so that others could prosper.” By invoking claims to a moral status, a scientist—relegated to a location peripheral to the major activity at the center of science—provides an excuse as well as an explanation for not having fully realized one’s own ego. Remembered as “being good” by others in the profession thus becomes compensation for comparative failure…Morality, because it is the embodiment of virtue, is a protected status.

O verdadeiro valor da vida, a inter-relação entre conquistas científicas e a moralidade no legado académico

Como fiz há um ano atrás, volto novamente a citar o Miguel Esteves Cardoso, que hoje escreve na página 11 do jornal Público o seguinte: “…Ser rico é poder poupar tempo e depois esbanjá-lo. Poupa-se tempo pagando aos pobres para fazer as tarefas que comem o tempo a toda a gente: as tarefas cronófagas. Os ricos compram, com o dinheiro que têm a mais, o tempo dos pobres, que são obrigados a vender o tempo deles, para ganhar o dinheiro suficiente para sobreviver. Parece que estão a entregar e a receber dinheiro, mas o dinheiro é para disfarçar: estão é a trocar tempo. O rico compra tempo ao pobre e o pobre fica sem ele…”

Compare-se esse interessante texto, com um estudo (sobre a compra do tempo e o aumento da felicidade) que envolveu mais de 6000 pessoas em vários países, que divulguei em Julho de 2017, email abaixo, e também com aquilo que antes disso já tinha sido dito pelo Ex-Presidente do Uruguai, vertido no referido email, tendo a esse na altura anexado um outro email, não menos interessante, de Outubro de 2016, sobre como pretendem os académicos ser lembrados, depois que o tempo das vidas deles tiver acabado. 

PS – No presente contexto talvez valha a pena revisitar o post “Porque é que uma vida com significado é impossível sem sofrimento?”

__________________________________________________________


De: F. Pacheco Torgal

Enviado: 26 de Julho de 2017 7:57
Assunto: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences__”Buying time promotes happiness”

Abstract: “Around the world, increases in wealth have produced an unintended consequence: a rising sense of time scarcity. We provide evidence that using money to buy time can provide a buffer against this time famine, thereby promoting happiness. Using large, diverse samples from the United States, Canada, Denmark, and The Netherlands (n = 6,271), we show that individuals who spend money on time-saving services report greater life satisfaction. A field experiment provides causal evidence that working adults report greater happiness after spending money on a time-saving purchase than on a material purchase. Together, these results suggest that using money to buy time can protect people from the detrimental effects of time pressure on life satisfaction” https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1706541114

Strangely, a few years ago, José Mujica former President of Uruguay (2010-2015) made a brief statement that accurately reflects this finding: “when we buy something, we are not paying it with money we are paying with the time of our lives and its terrible to waste life losing freedom”

____________________________________________________________


De: F. Pacheco Torgal
Enviado: 27 de Outubro de 2016 8:26
Assunto: Honor in the Academic Profession: How Professors Want to be Remembered by Colleagues

https://muse.jhu.edu/article/612675/summary

60 physicists of all ages working at a range of U.S. universities were interviewed in person by the author about multiple aspects of their careers, including the scientists’ aspirations, assessments of their achievements and failures, and conceptions of future and “immortalized” selves. Interviews from which the present work was drawn averaged 90 minutes in length…For the present work, attention is focused on a specific question asked of the respondents: How would you like to be remembered by your colleagues?”

desires to be remembered by colleagues on principally professional terms increase as institutional prestige increases. By contrast, desires to be remembered on principally personal terms increase as institutional prestige declines…As age increases, desire to be remembered on principally professional terms declines; and the desire to be remembered on principally personal terms intensifies. What is more, as age increases, the percentage of scientists “not caring” about how colleagues remember them increases. The percentage of scientists not caring about how their colleagues remember them, combined with the percentage of those desiring remembrance in personal ways, is particularly striking in the eldest cohort, where the attenuation of professional emphases is most pronounced. Great scientific achievement—even in an era of modern science—has been connoted with “unlocking the mind of God”(Paul, 1980).  

In an absence of great achievement, morality preserves a route to salvation, identifying how people can orient themselves to the “good” (Stets, 2010). In addition, it always marks sacrifice, as though to say: “Look at what I gave up, so that others could prosper.” By invoking claims to a moral status, a scientist—relegated to a location peripheral to the major activity at the center of science—provides an excuse as well as an explanation for not having fully realized one’s own ego. Remembered as “being good” by others in the profession thus becomes compensation for comparative failure…Morality, because it is the embodiment of virtue, is a protected status.